What is Quantum computing?
Quantum computing is a multidisciplinary area that combines computer science, physics, and mathematics to tackle complicated problems more quickly than traditional computers. Quantum computing involves both hardware research and application development. Quantum computers can handle some sorts of problems quicker than classical computers by utilizing quantum mechanical effects like superposition and quantum interference. Quantum computers can deliver such a speed improvement in applications such as machine learning (ML), optimization, and physical system simulation. Future use cases could include portfolio optimization in finance or chemical system simulation, which solve issues that are currently intractable for even the most powerful supercomputers on the market.
Dive into Quantum Computing Explained for Dummies in 2024
In 2024, the concept of quantum computing is no longer the far-off dream it once was. It’s becoming a reality that could revolutionize industries, solve complex problems, and perhaps change our everyday lives in ways we haven’t even begun to imagine.
But what exactly is quantum computing? If you’ve ever felt confused or overwhelmed by all the talk of qubits, superposition, and quantum entanglement, don’t worry—you’re not alone! In this friendly guide to quantum computing explained for dummies, we’ll break it all down, step by step, so that anyone can understand it. Ready to dive in?
What are the components of a quantum computer?
A quantum computer consists of several key components that enable it to leverage the principles of quantum mechanics for processing data. These components include:
- Qubits: The fundamental units of quantum information, qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously (superposition), unlike classical bits. They can be made from various physical systems, such as superconducting circuits, trapped ions, or photons.
- Quantum Gates: These are operations that manipulate qubits, enabling quantum algorithms to process information. Quantum gates perform tasks similar to classical logic gates but operate on qubits in superposition and entangled states.
- Quantum Processor: This is the central unit where qubits are stored and manipulated. It executes quantum algorithms by applying quantum gates to the qubits, performing complex computations much faster than classical processors.
- Control Systems: These include hardware and software systems that control the qubits and manage the quantum gates. They regulate timing, signals, and other parameters to maintain the precise operations needed for quantum computing.
- Quantum Error Correction: Quantum systems are highly sensitive to environmental noise, which can cause errors. Quantum error correction techniques are used to detect and fix these errors without directly measuring the qubits’ state.
- Cryogenic Systems: Many quantum computers, especially those using superconducting qubits, need to operate at extremely low temperatures (close to absolute zero) to maintain qubit stability and prevent decoherence.
- Quantum Algorithms: These are specialized algorithms designed to solve specific problems more efficiently than classical algorithms. Famous examples include Shor’s algorithm for factoring large numbers and Grover’s algorithm for database searches.
- Quantum Interconnects: These connect different parts of the quantum computer, such as processors and memory, allowing qubits to be transferred between them with minimal loss of coherence.
These components work together to perform quantum computations, potentially transforming fields like cryptography, optimization, artificial intelligence, and materials science.
The Evolution of Computing: From Classical to Quantum
Before we leap into the intricacies of quantum computing, let’s take a look at how we got here. Classical computers—the ones we use every day—are based on bits, which are either 0s or 1s. These bits form the foundation of how traditional computers store and process information.
Over the past few decades, classical computers have become exponentially more powerful. However, some problems, such as simulating molecules for drug development or optimizing massive logistical operations, are simply too complex for even the fastest supercomputers to handle. That’s where quantum computing comes into play.
Quantum computing offers an entirely different approach. Rather than relying on bits, quantum computers use qubits, which can represent both 0 and 1 simultaneously, thanks to the mind-bending phenomenon called superposition. This opens up possibilities for solving problems that would take classical computers millions of years to compute.
Quantum Computing Explained for Dummies: What Makes Quantum Computing Different?
Quantum Computing Explained for Dummies: Not Just a Faster Classical Computer
At first glance, you might think that quantum computing is simply a more powerful version of classical computing. However, quantum computing explained for dummies isn’t just about faster processing—it’s a completely different approach to how we process information. While classical computers rely on bits, which are either 0 or 1, quantum computing explained for dummies introduces the concept of qubits.
Unlike traditional bits, qubits can exist in multiple states at once thanks to the principle of superposition. Imagine being able to watch multiple TV channels at the same time. That’s what quantum computing explained for dummies does—it unlocks the potential for simultaneous data processing, making it radically different from classical systems.
Quantum Computing Explained for Dummies: The Power of Qubits and Superposition
One of the most important aspects of quantum computing explained for dummies is the use of qubits instead of bits. A qubit can be 0, 1, or both at the same time, thanks to the concept of superposition. This is where quantum computing explained for dummies truly shines.
In a classical computer, bits are like switches—either on or off, 0 or 1. But in quantum computing explained for dummies, qubits can hold multiple values at once, exponentially increasing the computing power. It’s not just like having a faster computer, it’s like being able to run multiple calculations simultaneously in a completely new way.
Quantum Computing Explained for Dummies: Understanding Entanglement
Another bizarre phenomenon central to quantum computing explained for dummies is something called entanglement. This is where the magic really happens. When two qubits become entangled, the state of one instantly affects the other, no matter how far apart they are. This means that quantum computing explained for dummies allows quantum computers to perform complex calculations faster and more efficiently. Traditional computers don’t have this kind of power—each bit operates independently. But with quantum computing explained for dummies, qubits can interact in a way that classical bits never could.
Quantum Computing Explained for Dummies: Faster and More Efficient Calculations
Because of superposition and entanglement, quantum computing explained for dummies can solve problems that would take classical computers ages to crack. For example, tasks like factoring large numbers, simulating molecules, and optimizing vast systems can be handled much faster with quantum computing explained for dummies.
The power lies not just in speed but in the ability to explore multiple possibilities at the same time. Classical computers, on the other hand, process one step at a time, making quantum computing explained for dummies a true game changer.
In summary, quantum computing explained for dummies is more than just a supercharged version of classical computing. It’s a new paradigm in computing that harnesses the strange and fascinating principles of quantum mechanics.
Through the use of qubits, superposition, and entanglement, quantum computing explained for dummies unlocks capabilities that were previously impossible, revolutionizing the way we approach complex calculations and data processing.
Key Concepts in Quantum Computing
To fully grasp quantum computing explained for dummies, it’s important to break down a few key concepts. Don’t worry—we’ll keep it simple!
- Qubits: The quantum version of bits. Unlike classical bits, qubits can be 0, 1, or both 0 and 1 simultaneously due to superposition.
- Superposition: This means a qubit can exist in multiple states at once, which dramatically increases computing power.
- Entanglement: When qubits become connected in such a way that the state of one directly affects the other, no matter the distance between them.
- Quantum Gates: Quantum computing’s equivalent to classical logic gates, but more powerful because they work on qubits.
These concepts are the foundation of how quantum computers function and make them so exciting.
How Does a Quantum Computer Work?
You might be wondering, “How exactly does a quantum computer work?” The answer lies in how qubits are manipulated through quantum gates, circuits, and algorithms to perform calculations.
Traditional computers process information sequentially, meaning they handle one operation at a time. In contrast, quantum computers harness the power of superposition and entanglement to process information in parallel, enabling them to solve certain types of problems exponentially faster.
Let’s take a simple example. If you had a large phone book and wanted to find one person’s number, a classical computer would go through each name one by one. A quantum computer, however, could essentially check all the names at once!
The Power of Qubits: Quantum Computing’s Building Blocks
Quantum Computing Explained for Dummies: Understanding Qubits
Qubits are the core building blocks of quantum computing, and they hold the key to its revolutionary potential. In classical computing, bits are the foundation. A bit can only be in one of two states: 0 or 1. Quantum Computing Explained for Dummies teaches us that qubits, however, are vastly different. A qubit can be a 0, a 1, or even both at the same time! This concept, known as superposition, comes from the principles of quantum mechanics and is what sets quantum computing apart from classical computing.
Quantum Computing Explained for Dummies: Superposition in Qubits
In Quantum Computing Explained for Dummies, superposition is one of the most important ideas to grasp. A helpful analogy is to imagine a qubit like a spinning coin. In classical computing, a bit is like a coin lying flat, either heads (0) or tails (1).
A qubit, however, is like a coin spinning in the air. While it spins, it’s in a state of both heads and tails, or both 0 and 1. Only when the coin “lands” does it settle into one state—just like a qubit collapsing into a definite 0 or 1 when measured.
Quantum Computing Explained for Dummies: The Power of Qubits
The strength of quantum computing lies in its ability to harness multiple qubits working together. Quantum Computing Explained for Dummies highlights that the more qubits a quantum computer has, the more calculations it can perform simultaneously.
This increases its ability to solve complex problems, which would take classical computers an impractical amount of time. While classical computers process bits one at a time, quantum computers with qubits can tackle many calculations at once, making them incredibly powerful.
Quantum Computing Explained for Dummies: The Race for More Qubits
In the current technological race, developing stable quantum computers with more qubits is crucial. Quantum Computing Explained for Dummies outlines how each additional qubit exponentially increases the computing power of a quantum system. However, maintaining the delicate state of qubits is a significant challenge, and researchers are working tirelessly to build larger, more stable quantum computers.
Superposition: A Quantum Reality
The principle of superposition is one of the key reasons quantum computing holds so much promise. Superposition allows a qubit to be in multiple states at once. In practical terms, this means that a quantum computer can process a vast number of possibilities simultaneously. If you think of a classical computer solving a maze by trying one path at a time, a quantum computer would try all possible paths at once.
Superposition enables quantum computers to outperform classical computers in solving certain types of problems, like factoring large numbers or modeling chemical reactions, in a fraction of the time.
Quantum Entanglement: The ‘Spooky‘ Connection
Quantum entanglement, which Albert Einstein famously referred to as “spooky action at a distance,” is another unique feature of quantum computing. When two qubits are entangled, they become linked, and the state of one qubit instantly determines the state of the other, regardless of the distance between them.
Entanglement allows quantum computers to perform computations in ways that classical computers simply can’t match. It enables quantum systems to store and process much more information and can help with speeding up certain algorithms, especially in areas like cryptography.
Quantum Gates and Circuits
Just as classical computers use logic gates to process information, quantum computers use quantum gates. These gates are operations that can change the state of a qubit. However, because qubits can exist in superposition and can be entangled, quantum gates work in much more complex ways than their classical counterparts.
Quantum gates are arranged into circuits to perform calculations. These circuits manipulate qubits through sequences of gates, allowing quantum computers to perform highly complex calculations. You can think of quantum gates as the “control mechanisms” that direct the flow of quantum information within a quantum processor.
Quantum Algorithms: Shor’s and Grover’s Algorithms
Quantum algorithms are specially designed to take advantage of the unique capabilities of quantum computers. Two of the most famous quantum algorithms are Shor’s algorithm and Grover’s algorithm.
- Shor’s algorithm is used for factoring large numbers. While this might not sound particularly exciting, it’s a big deal for cryptography. Many encryption systems rely on the fact that classical computers take a long time to factor large numbers, but quantum computers running Shor’s algorithm can do it much faster.
- Grover’s algorithm speeds up the search process. While a classical computer might have to search through a list one item at a time, Grover’s algorithm allows a quantum computer to search through an unsorted list much faster.
Current Quantum Computing Technologies
Quantum computing is no longer just a theoretical concept. Major companies like IBM, Google, and D-Wave are leading the charge in developing real quantum computers. IBM, for example, has developed quantum computers that are accessible via the cloud, allowing researchers and developers to experiment with quantum computing without needing a quantum lab.
Google made headlines in 2019 when it announced that it had achieved quantum supremacy—the point at which a quantum computer can perform a task that’s impossible for a classical computer to complete in a reasonable amount of time. While this achievement is still hotly debated, it demonstrates the rapid progress being made in the field.
Examples of Quantum Algorithms:
- Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm: This algorithm can determine whether a function is constant or balanced with a single query, while a classical computer would need to query the function exponentially many times.
- Simon’s algorithm: This algorithm can solve the hidden subgroup problem, which has applications in cryptography.
- HHL algorithm: This algorithm can solve systems of linear equations exponentially faster than classical computers.
The Future of Quantum Computing Timeline:
It is difficult to predict exactly when quantum computers will become more mainstream, but there are several factors that will influence their development. One factor is the number of qubits that can be stably controlled in a quantum computer.
As the number of qubits increases, quantum computers will be able to solve more complex problems. Another factor is the development of error correction codes, which can help to protect quantum computers from errors. Finally, the development of new applications for quantum computers will also help to drive their adoption.
Some experts believe that quantum computers could become more mainstream within the next decade. However, others believe that it could take longer. Ultimately, the timeline for the development of quantum computers will depend on a number of factors, including scientific breakthroughs, technological advances, and economic conditions.
It is important to note that quantum computers are still in their early stages of development. There are many challenges that need to be overcome before quantum computers can be used for a wide range of applications.
However, the potential benefits of quantum computing are so great that it is likely that this technology will continue to be developed and improved in the years to come.
Quantum Computing Explained for Dummies: Applications in 2024
In 2024, quantum computing is already finding applications in a range of industries. Here are a few examples:
- Drug discovery: Quantum computers can simulate molecular interactions more efficiently than classical computers, speeding up the development of new medications.
- Finance: Quantum algorithms can optimize portfolios and manage risk in ways that classical computers can’t.
- Logistics: Companies are exploring how quantum computing can optimize supply chains and solve complex routing problems more quickly.
Challenges in Quantum Computing
Despite its incredible promise, quantum computing still faces many challenges. One of the biggest is quantum decoherence, which occurs when qubits lose their quantum state due to interference from their environment. This makes it difficult to maintain the stability of qubits long enough to perform useful calculations.
Another challenge is building quantum computers with enough qubits to solve real-world problems. While current quantum computers have made significant strides, they are still far from being able to outperform classical computers in most everyday tasks.
The Future of Quantum Computing
What does the future hold for quantum computing? While it’s difficult to predict exactly how the field will evolve, many experts believe that quantum computing will have a profound impact on industries ranging from medicine to cybersecurity.
As quantum computers become more powerful, they could help us solve problems that are currently unsolvable, like modeling complex biological systems or predicting climate change with much greater accuracy.
Why Quantum Computing Matters in 2024
Quantum computing isn’t just a fascinating scientific breakthrough; it’s a technology that could change the world. By solving problems that classical computers can’t, quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize industries, advance scientific discovery, and even improve our everyday lives.
In 2024, quantum computing is still in its early stages, but the progress we’ve seen so far suggests that it could soon become an integral part of our technological landscape.
Getting Started with Quantum Computing
If you’re interested in learning more about quantum computing, there are many resources available to help you get started. Online courses from platforms like Coursera and edX offer beginner-friendly introductions to quantum computing, while books like “Quantum Computing for Everyone” by Chris Bernhardt can provide a more in-depth look at the subject.
IBM’s Quantum Experience platform also offers free access to real quantum computers, allowing you to experiment with quantum circuits and algorithms right from your computer.
Quantum Computing vs. Classical Computing: A Simple Comparison
To wrap up our discussion, here’s a quick comparison of quantum and classical computing:
| Feature | Classical Computing | Quantum Computing |
|---|---|---|
| Basic Unit | Bits (0 or 1) | Qubits (0, 1, or both) |
| Processing | Sequential | Sequential, Parallel, thanks to superposition |
| Speed | Limited by Moore’s Law | Exponentially faster for certain problems |
| Main Advantage | Reliability | Solving complex problems efficiently |
Quantum Computing in Cryptography
One of the most significant implications of quantum computing is in the field of cryptography. Current encryption methods rely on the fact that classical computers take a long time to factor large numbers.
Quantum computers running Shor’s algorithm, however, can factor these numbers much faster, potentially breaking encryption systems that are used to protect everything from bank accounts to military secrets.
This has led to the development of quantum-resistant encryption, which is designed to be secure even against quantum computers.
Quantum Supremacy: What Does It Really Mean?
You may have heard the term quantum supremacy thrown around in discussions of quantum computing. But what does it really mean?
Quantum supremacy is the point at which a quantum computer can perform a calculation that is impossible for a classical computer to complete in a reasonable amount of time.
While Google claimed to have achieved quantum supremacy in 2019, this claim is still debated. Nevertheless, the concept represents a major milestone in the development of quantum computers.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Quantum Computing
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and quantum computing are two of the most exciting technological fields today, and their intersection could lead to even greater breakthroughs.
Quantum computers could help improve machine learning algorithms by processing large datasets more efficiently. In return, AI could be used to optimize quantum algorithms and help design better quantum hardware.
Together, AI and quantum computing could enable new applications in areas like drug discovery, financial modeling, and even self-driving cars.
Quantum Simulation: Modeling Complex Systems
One area where quantum computers really shine is in simulating complex systems. Classical computers struggle to model the interactions between molecules, for example, but quantum computers can simulate these interactions more efficiently.
This capability could revolutionize fields like chemistry and materials science, where understanding the behavior of molecules is critical. Quantum simulations could lead to the development of new materials, drugs, and energy sources that are currently beyond our reach.
Quantum Computing in Healthcare
Quantum computing holds enormous potential for the healthcare industry. By simulating molecular structures and interactions, quantum computers could help researchers discover new drugs more quickly and accurately.
For example, quantum computers could simulate how a new drug will interact with various proteins in the human body, allowing researchers to identify potential side effects or optimize the drug’s effectiveness. This could significantly speed up the drug development process and reduce costs.
Quantum Computing for Cybersecurity
While quantum computing poses a threat to current cryptographic systems, it also offers potential solutions for enhancing cybersecurity. Quantum cryptography, for example, uses the principles of quantum mechanics to create secure communication channels that are impossible to hack.
As quantum computers become more powerful, quantum-proof encryption methods will become increasingly important for ensuring the security of sensitive information.
Economic Implications of Quantum Computing
The rise of quantum computing could have far-reaching economic implications. Industries that are able to harness the power of quantum computers could gain a significant competitive advantage, particularly in areas like finance, logistics, and pharmaceuticals.
However, the economic impact of quantum computing could also lead to disruptions in traditional industries, particularly those that rely on classical encryption methods. As quantum computing continues to advance, it’s likely that we’ll see a shift in the global economic landscape.
Quantum Computing: Ethics and Society
As with any revolutionary technology, quantum computing raises important ethical and societal questions. Who will have access to quantum computers? How will they be used? And what are the potential risks of this powerful technology?
For example, quantum computers could be used to break encryption and invade privacy, leading to concerns about security and surveillance. At the same time, they could also be used to solve complex global challenges like climate change and disease.
As quantum computing becomes more widespread, it will be important to address these ethical questions and ensure that the technology is used responsibly.
Quantum Computing: Key Players to Watch
Several companies and research institutions are leading the charge in quantum computing. Some of the key players to watch include:
- IBM: IBM has been a pioneer in the field of quantum computing, offering cloud-based access to quantum computers through its IBM Quantum Experience platform.
- Google: Google made headlines with its claim of achieving quantum supremacy in 2019, and it continues to be a leader in quantum research.
- D-Wave: D-Wave has developed a type of quantum computer known as a quantum annealer, which is designed for solving optimization problems.
- Microsoft: Microsoft is investing heavily in quantum computing through its Azure Quantum platform, which offers access to quantum computers from multiple providers.
These companies, along with academic institutions and government agencies, are at the forefront of quantum research and development.
Quantum Computing in Education: Learning Opportunities in 2024
If you’re interested in pursuing a career in quantum computing, now is a great time to start. In 2024, there are more educational resources and opportunities than ever before.
Many universities offer quantum computing courses, and online platforms like Coursera and edX provide beginner-friendly introductions to the subject. Additionally, companies like IBM and Microsoft offer free access to quantum computing platforms, allowing students to experiment with quantum circuits and algorithms.
As quantum computing continues to grow, the demand for skilled professionals in the field will only increase, making it a great area to explore for those interested in cutting-edge technology.
Quantum Cloud Computing: The Next Frontier
One of the most exciting developments in quantum computing is the rise of quantum cloud computing. Companies like IBM and Microsoft offer cloud-based access to quantum computers, allowing researchers, developers, and even hobbyists to experiment with quantum computing without needing to own a quantum computer themselves.
This approach democratizes access to quantum computing and could accelerate the development of new quantum applications. As quantum cloud services continue to improve, they could play a crucial role in the widespread adoption of quantum computing.
Summary of the whole content
Summary of all on Quantum Computing
Summary of Quantum Computing
Quantum computing, unlike traditional computing, harnesses the power of quantum mechanics to perform calculations exponentially faster. It uses qubits instead of bits, enabling multiple states at once, which leads to faster data processing. While still in development, quantum computers hold immense potential for solving complex problems, particularly in fields like cryptography, artificial intelligence, and healthcare. This revolutionary technology could transform industries by performing tasks that would take classical computers centuries to complete. Despite challenges, the future of quantum computing looks promising as advancements continue, pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in computing.
Conclusion
In conclusion, quantum computing represents a groundbreaking shift in technology, with the potential to solve complex problems at unprecedented speeds. While still in its early stages, its applications in fields like cryptography, healthcare, and AI promise to revolutionize industries and reshape the future of computation.
FAQs on Quantum Computing Explained for Dummies
What is quantum computing explained for dummies?
Quantum computing is a new type of computing that uses quantum bits (qubits) to process information. Unlike classical computers, which use bits (0s and 1s), quantum computers can process multiple possibilities simultaneously due to quantum phenomena like superposition and entanglement.
This makes quantum computers much more powerful for certain complex tasks, such as simulating molecules or solving optimization problems.
How is quantum computing different from classical computing?
Classical computing relies on bits that are either 0 or 1. Quantum computing, on the other hand, uses qubits, which can represent 0, 1, or both at the same time due to superposition.
Quantum computers also utilize entanglement, which allows qubits that are far apart to be connected. These properties enable quantum computers to solve certain types of problems much faster than classical computers.
What are qubits in quantum computing?
Qubits are the fundamental units of information in quantum computing, similar to bits in classical computing. However, unlike bits, which can only be 0 or 1, qubits can exist in a state of 0, 1, or both 0 and 1 simultaneously due to a phenomenon called superposition.
This allows quantum computers to process a vast amount of data more efficiently.
How does superposition work in quantum computing?
Superposition is a key principle in quantum computing where a qubit can be in multiple states (both 0 and 1) at the same time. This differs from classical computing, where a bit can only be either 0 or 1.
Superposition enables quantum computers to process many possibilities simultaneously, making them much faster for certain types of calculations.
What is quantum entanglement, and why is it important in quantum computing?
Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon where two qubits become linked in such a way that the state of one qubit directly affects the state of the other, no matter how far apart they are.
In quantum computing, entanglement allows qubits to share information instantaneously, which speeds up processing and enables more complex calculations.
Can quantum computers solve problems faster than classical computers?
Yes, quantum computers can solve certain problems much faster than classical computers. For example, they can solve complex mathematical problems, optimize large systems, and simulate molecular structures exponentially faster.
However, for general-purpose tasks like browsing the web, classical computers are still more efficient.
What are quantum gates and how do they function?
Quantum gates are the building blocks of quantum circuits, similar to logic gates in classical computers. They manipulate qubits by changing their state using quantum phenomena like superposition and entanglement.
Quantum gates control how qubits interact and allow quantum computers to perform calculations and process information.
How are quantum computers built?
Quantum computers are built using qubits, which can be made from various materials like superconducting circuits, trapped ions, or photons. These qubits are housed in environments where they are isolated from external interference, often at extremely low temperatures. Specialized hardware, including quantum gates, controls and manipulates the qubits to perform calculations.
What are some real-world applications of quantum computing in 2024?
In 2024, quantum computing is being applied in various industries such as:
Drug discovery: Quantum computers simulate molecular interactions to develop new drugs faster.
Finance: Quantum algorithms help optimize portfolios and assess risk.
Logistics: Companies use quantum computing to solve complex supply chain and routing problems.
Cybersecurity: Quantum cryptography creates secure communication channels.
What is the concept of quantum supremacy?
Quantum supremacy refers to the point where a quantum computer can solve a problem that no classical computer can solve in a feasible amount of time.
This milestone was claimed by Google in 2019 when its quantum computer completed a task that would take the most powerful classical computer thousands of years. While the concept is still debated, it marks a significant advancement in quantum computing.
How will quantum computing impact cryptography?
Quantum computing could have a major impact on cryptography because it can break many of the encryption methods currently used to protect information.
Quantum computers, using algorithms like Shor’s algorithm, can factor large numbers quickly, making traditional encryption methods vulnerable. This has led to the development of quantum-resistant encryption methods to secure data in the future.
What are the major challenges facing quantum computing development?
The main challenges in quantum computing include:
Quantum decoherence: Qubits are highly sensitive to environmental interference, which causes them to lose their quantum state.
Error correction: Quantum computers require sophisticated error correction mechanisms because qubits are prone to errors.
Scalability: Building quantum computers with enough stable qubits to perform practical, large-scale computations is still a significant hurdle.
Cost and complexity: Quantum computers are expensive and difficult to build, requiring extremely controlled environments like cryogenic temperatures.
